insecticidelor<\/a> a dus la o sc\u0103dere drastic\u0103 a eficacit\u0103\u021bii lor din cauza apari\u021biei popula\u021biilor rezistente la d\u0103un\u0103tori.<\/p>\n\nPrin urmare, \u00een prezent, protec\u021bia biologic\u0103 a cartofului \u00eempotriva g\u00e2ndacului de Colorado merit\u0103 o aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103.<\/p>\n\n
G\u00e2ndacul de Colorado este unul dintre cei mai periculo\u0219i d\u0103un\u0103tori ai cartofului \u0219i ai altor culturi solanacee.<\/p>\n\n
Protec\u021bia cartofului \u00eempotriva d\u0103un\u0103torilor, cum ar fi g\u00e2ndacul de Colorado, trebuie s\u0103 fie regulat\u0103 \u0219i complex\u0103 – doar a\u0219a se poate p\u0103stra recolta.<\/p>\n\n
Unul dintre factorii principali ai protec\u021biei complexe a cartofului \u00eempotriva g\u00e2ndacului de Colorado este utilizarea biopreparatelor care con\u021bin bacterii, ciuperci sau produse ale activit\u0103\u021bii lor vitale, care au un efect nociv asupra d\u0103un\u0103torului, dar sunt sigure pentru oameni, animale \u0219i insecte benefice. Biopreparatele ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 pu\u021bin mai lent dec\u00e2t pesticidele chimice, dar nu se acumuleaz\u0103 \u00een tuberculi \u0219i sol \u0219i nu provoac\u0103 rezisten\u021b\u0103 la g\u00e2ndaci. <\/p>\n\n
Un astfel de preparat este Actofitul, care ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 eficient asupra g\u00e2ndacului de Colorado (\u00een special asupra larvelor) provoc\u00e2ndu-le paralizie nervoas\u0103. Preparatul \u00eencepe s\u0103 ac\u021bioneze la c\u00e2teva ore dup\u0103 tratament: d\u0103un\u0103torii \u00eenceteaz\u0103 s\u0103 se hr\u0103neasc\u0103 \u0219i mor \u00een decurs de 2-3 zile. Biopreparatul ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe cale de contact \u0219i intestinal\u0103 \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i manifest\u0103 cel mai bine eficacitatea \u00een vreme cald\u0103 (+18…+25\u00b0C). <\/p>\n\n
Utilizarea Actofitului la hamei:<\/strong><\/p>\n\nHameiul este cultivat \u00een acela\u0219i loc peste 15-20 ani \u0219i este afectat semnificativ aproape anual de diver\u0219i d\u0103un\u0103tori \u0219i boli. Monocultura, absen\u021ba rota\u021biei culturilor, cantitatea mare de \u00eengr\u0103\u0219\u0103minte organice \u0219i minerale aplicate anual creeaz\u0103 condi\u021bii pentru formarea unui agrocenoz special al entomofaunei solului. \u00cen perioada de cre\u0219tere \u0219i dezvoltare, hameiul este afectat de mai mult de 86 de specii de insecte, acarieni \u0219i nematozi \u0219i aproape 20 de specii de boli. Deosebit de periculoase pentru acesta sunt 10-12 specii de d\u0103un\u0103tori \u0219i 4-5 specii de boli, care apar anual. \u00cen pozi\u021bia sistematic\u0103, d\u0103un\u0103torii sunt distribui\u021bi astfel: cel mai numeros grup \u00eel constituie lepidopterele – 56,3% din toate speciile, urmate de coleoptere – 8,4%, homoptere – 4,7%, diptere – 4,7%, ortoptere – 2,4%, himenoptere – 1,2%, acarieni – 1,2% \u0219i nematozi – 1,2%. <\/p>\n\n
D\u0103un\u0103toarea lor este extrem de ridicat\u0103, de regul\u0103 pot reduce recolta cu 25-30%, iar \u00een anumi\u021bi ani cu 40-50% \u0219i mai mult, precum \u0219i deterioreaz\u0103 calitatea tehnologic\u0103 a produc\u021biei. Pierderile pe fiecare hectar constituie 3,5-4,5 mii de grivne. <\/p>\n\n
Pe parcursul vegeta\u021biei, p\u0103r\u021bile aeriene ale hameiului, l\u0103starii tineri, tulpinile, frunzele, ramurile laterale, florile \u0219i conurile sunt afectate de d\u0103un\u0103tori care rod frunzele \u0219i sug\u0103tori, printre care cei mai d\u0103un\u0103tori sunt acarianul p\u0103ianjen, puricele de hamei, afida de hamei, g\u0103rg\u0103ri\u021ba de lucern\u0103, cicadele, plo\u0219ni\u021bele, buha sem\u0103n\u0103turilor, buha cartofului, molia tulpinilor.<\/p>\n\n
La baza sistemului ecologic sigur de protec\u021bie a hameiului stau elementele tehnologiei de cultivare a culturii, inclusiv selectarea corect\u0103 a suprafe\u021belor la \u00eenfiin\u021barea culturilor de hamei \u0219i utilizarea soiurilor relativ rezistente sau tolerante la complexul de organisme d\u0103un\u0103toare \u0219i aplicarea preparatelor biologice precum Actofitul.<\/p>\n\n
Utilizarea Actofitului la castrave\u021bi \u00een spa\u021bii protejate:<\/strong><\/p>\n\nPrincipala cultur\u0103 legumicol\u0103 din spa\u021biile protejate este castravetele, care \u00een structura general\u0103 a gospod\u0103riei de ser\u0103 ocup\u0103 60-70% din suprafe\u021be, deoarece \u00een compara\u021bie cu alte legume, formeaz\u0103 recolte ridicate (p\u00e2n\u0103 la 200 t\/ha).<\/p>\n\n
Se \u0219tie c\u0103 \u00een spa\u021biile protejate, din cauza temperaturii \u0219i umidit\u0103\u021bii ridicate, se creeaz\u0103 condi\u021bii favorabile nu doar pentru cre\u0219terea \u0219i dezvoltarea plantelor cultivate, ci \u0219i pentru r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirea multor organisme d\u0103un\u0103toare, care pot afecta sau deteriora plantele pe tot parcursul vegeta\u021biei [4]. Prin urmare, cel mai important element al tehnologiei legumiculturii \u00een spa\u021bii protejate este controlul organismelor d\u0103un\u0103toare, \u00een special al fitofagilor. <\/p>\n\n
Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere c\u0103 utilizarea metodei chimice de protec\u021bie \u00een condi\u021bii de spa\u021bii protejate este limitat\u0103 \u0219i este permis\u0103 doar c\u00e2nd d\u0103un\u0103torii dep\u0103\u0219esc PED \u00een perioada exploziilor lor \u00een mas\u0103, dezvoltarea unui sistem eficient de protec\u021bie biologic\u0103 a castrave\u021bilor este o sarcin\u0103 actual\u0103.<\/p>\n\n
Compozi\u021bia specific\u0103 a organismelor d\u0103un\u0103toare, inclusiv fitofagii, \u00een condi\u021bii de spa\u021bii protejate este semnificativ mai mic\u0103 \u00een compara\u021bie cu spa\u021biul deschis, dar utilizarea serelor pe tot parcursul anului, regimul de umiditate \u0219i temperatur\u0103 ridicat\u0103 a aerului \u00een acestea, absen\u021ba factorilor naturali de reglare creeaz\u0103 condi\u021bii favorabile pentru \u00eenmul\u021birea \u00een mas\u0103 a fitofagilor \u0219i le cre\u0219te semnificativ nocivitatea.<\/p>\n\n
Pentru controlul num\u0103rului de d\u0103un\u0103tori \u0219i limitarea nocivit\u0103\u021bii acestora \u00een spa\u021biile protejate, ar trebui aplicate sisteme moderne integrate de protec\u021bie, care includ m\u0103suri organizatorice-gospod\u0103re\u0219ti, preventive, agrotehnice, biologice, chimice, de carantin\u0103, combinate \u00eentre ele \u00eentr-un complex unitar.<\/p>\n\n
Cel mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit fitofag polifag al culturilor legumicole din spa\u021bii protejate este acarianul p\u0103ianjen comun (Tetranychus urtiace<\/em> Koch.). Primul simptom al afect\u0103rii plantelor este apari\u021bia unor puncte luminoase separate pe partea superioar\u0103 a frunzelor, care ulterior devin marmorat-deschise, se \u00eeng\u0103lbenesc, se usuc\u0103 \u0219i cad. Reducerea recoltei poate ajunge la 35-40%, iar \u00een unele cazuri – poate avea loc pierderea complet\u0103 a acesteia.<\/p>\n\n\u00cen practica mondial\u0103 a gospod\u0103riei de ser\u0103 este r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 metoda biologic\u0103 de control al num\u0103rului acarianului p\u0103ianjen comun, care const\u0103 dintr-o serie de m\u0103suri ce combin\u0103 utilizarea preparatelor biologice, \u00een special, Actofit, care asigur\u0103 cultivarea produc\u021biei ecologice pure \u00een condi\u021bii de spa\u021bii protejate.<\/p>\n\n
Utilizarea Actofitului la trandafiri:<\/strong><\/p>\n\nMul\u021bi oameni din \u00eentreaga lume numesc trandafirii \u201eregina florilor\u201d deoarece frumuse\u021bea \u0219i elegan\u021ba lor atemporal\u0103 \u00eei fac s\u0103 se disting\u0103 de restul florei lumii.<\/p>\n\n
Trandafirii sunt una dintre cele mai populare plante din lume. V\u00e2rsta aproximativ\u0103 a trandafirului cultivat este de 5000 de ani. <\/p>\n\n
Apari\u021bia insectelor d\u0103un\u0103toare pe trandafir afecteaz\u0103 semnificativ propriet\u0103\u021bile decorative generale ale florilor, iar \u00een unele cazuri poate duce la moartea complet\u0103 a plantei. Prin urmare, este important s\u0103 se identifice la timp ce d\u0103un\u0103tor amenin\u021b\u0103 planta \u0219i s\u0103 se ia toate m\u0103surile de combatere a d\u0103un\u0103torului. <\/p>\n\n
\u00cen trandafiri pot tr\u0103i \u0219i se pot dezvolta diferite specii de insecte, cum ar fi afide, trip\u0219i, acarianul p\u0103ianjen, molia frunzelor etc.<\/p>\n\n
Dac\u0103 pe trandafiri se descoper\u0103 chiar \u0219i o mic\u0103 colonie de d\u0103un\u0103tori, trebuie \u00eenceput imediat tratamentul acestora, \u00een special, cu biopreparatul Actofit.<\/p>\n\n
Utilizarea Actofitului la vi\u021b\u0103 de vie:<\/strong><\/p>\n\nOb\u021binerea unor recolte ridicate \u0219i stabile de struguri de bun\u0103 calitate se bazeaz\u0103 pe un complex de m\u0103suri organizatorice-gospod\u0103re\u0219ti, ecologice, biologice, chimice \u0219i agrotehnice de limitare a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndirii \u0219i dezvolt\u0103rii celor mai periculo\u0219i d\u0103un\u0103tori \u0219i agen\u021bi patogeni.<\/p>\n\n
Pe vi\u021ba de vie se pot dezvolta aproximativ 700 de specii, \u00eens\u0103 importan\u021b\u0103 economic\u0103 au c\u00e2teva zeci de d\u0103un\u0103tori. Compozi\u021bia specific\u0103 a organismelor d\u0103un\u0103toare depinde \u00een special de zona de cultivare a vi\u021bei de vie. <\/p>\n\n
Din cauza schimb\u0103rilor climatice, caracterizate ca o anomalie termic\u0103 persistent\u0103, a crescut num\u0103rul \u0219i s-a extins compozi\u021bia specific\u0103 a d\u0103un\u0103torilor sug\u0103tori, \u00een special acarieni, cicade, trip\u0219i.<\/p>\n\n
\u00cen prezent, d\u0103un\u0103torii cheie ai vi\u021bei de vie, care provoac\u0103 cele mai mari daune planta\u021biilor fructifere, r\u0103m\u00e2n moliile. Cele mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndite \u00een podgoriile din sudul Ucrainei sunt molia strugurilor (Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff), molia cu dou\u0103 genera\u021bii (Eupoecilia ambiguella Hb.), molia vi\u021bei de vie (Sparganothis pilleriana Den. et Schiff). Aceste specii de d\u0103un\u0103tori difer\u0103 prin caracteristici morfologice, biologie \u0219i particularit\u0103\u021bi de dezvoltare. Cea mai r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit\u0103 \u0219i d\u0103un\u0103toare este molia strugurilor. <\/p>\n\n
Preparatele biologice sunt una dintre strategiile eficiente pentru combaterea d\u0103un\u0103torilor vi\u021bei de vie f\u0103r\u0103 utilizarea substan\u021belor chimice nocive. Utilizarea Actofitului asigur\u0103 cre\u0219terea \u0219i dezvoltarea s\u0103n\u0103toas\u0103 a plantei \u0219i contribuie la ob\u021binerea unei recolte ridicate de struguri. <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Biopreparatele, \u00een compara\u021bie cu cele chimice, au avantaje semnificative, inclusiv: Oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 din multe \u021b\u0103ri ale lumii lucreaz\u0103 la crearea de biopreparate. Ucraina a lucrat \u0219i lucreaz\u0103 activ la crearea de biopreparate \u00eenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceputul independen\u021bei. Un exemplu str\u0103lucit \u0219i o realizare a oamenilor de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i tehnologilor companiei Ukrzoovetprompostach este biopreparatul cu […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":4156,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[76],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4155","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-productia-vegetala"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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