{"id":4376,"date":"2025-07-08T12:25:04","date_gmt":"2025-07-08T09:25:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/weagro.ua\/blog\/culturi-agricole-profitabile\/"},"modified":"2026-03-24T11:08:11","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T09:08:11","slug":"culturi-agricole-profitabile","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/weagro.ua\/ro\/blog\/culturi-agricole-profitabile\/","title":{"rendered":"Culturi agricole profitabile"},"content":{"rendered":"

Complexul agricol ucrainean este unul dintre sectoarele principale care asigur\u0103 venituri stabile la bugetul \u021b\u0103rii, inclusiv prin exportul de produse \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate.<\/em><\/p>\n\n

O serie de culturi cerealiere \u0219i oleaginoase demonstreaz\u0103 un nivel ridicat de profitabilitate. Cu toate acestea, de la an la an, \u00een func\u021bie de pre\u021burile mondiale ale produselor agricole, randament, cerere \u0219i al\u021bi factori, nivelul de marj\u0103 \u0219i rentabilitate poate varia semnificativ. Astfel de schimb\u0103ri au fost observate pe pia\u021ba agricol\u0103 ucrainean\u0103 \u00een ultimii ani. Pierderea suprafe\u021belor cultivate, complica\u021biile logistice (at\u00e2t \u00een depozitare, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een transportul interna\u021bional), schimb\u0103rile climatice, cre\u0219terea costurilor \u00eengr\u0103\u0219\u0103mintelor, a produselor de protec\u021bie a plantelor \u0219i a resurselor energetice au afectat negativ indicatorii financiari ai cultiv\u0103rii cerealelor \u0219i oleaginoaselor, iar pre\u021burile mondiale au contribuit la o sc\u0103dere semnificativ\u0103 a indicatorilor de profitabilitate a culturilor. <\/p>\n\n

\u00cen perioada 2021-2024, cel mai \u00eenalt nivel de profitabilitate (EBITDA) la nivel na\u021bional \u00eel demonstreaz\u0103 floarea-soarelui, soia \u0219i rapi\u021ba de toamn\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 de-a lungul anilor nivelul de profitabilitate pe culturi variaz\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de randament \u0219i pre\u021burile de pe pie\u021bele mondiale.<\/p>\n\n

Culturi de ni\u0219\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Volumul culturilor de ni\u0219<\/em>\u0103<\/em> reprezint\u0103 \u00een total aproximativ 10% din volumul total. Aceste culturi includ mu\u0219tar, secar\u0103, mei, hri\u0219c\u0103, ov\u0103z, triticale, in, fasole, n\u0103ut, linte \u0219i maz\u0103re.<\/em><\/p>\n\n

Perspectivele de cultivare \u0219i nivelul de rentabilitate sunt determinate at\u00e2t de suprafe\u021bele de produc\u021bie \u0219i nivelul de randament, c\u00e2t \u0219i de pre\u021buri \u0219i nivelul cererii, inclusiv poten\u021bialul de export. Cele mai \u00eenalte rate de profitabilitate, conform estim\u0103rilor, le demonstreaz\u0103 mu\u0219tarul \u0219i secara. Cu toate acestea, \u0219i alte culturi, \u00een func\u021bie de regiunea de cultivare \u0219i pie\u021bele de desfacere, pot avea indicatori suficien\u021bi de profitabilitate \u0219i rentabilitate. <\/p>\n\n

Floarea-soarelui<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

\u00cen 2021, floarea-soarelui a demonstrat cei mai \u00eenal\u021bi indicatori de profitabilitate, datorit\u0103 at\u00e2t recoltei ridicate, c\u00e2t \u0219i nivelului pre\u021burilor mondiale pentru materii prime \u0219i, \u00een consecin\u021b\u0103, pentru produsele procesate. La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului de marketing, EBITDA a fost de 320 $\/ha. \u00cen 2022, produc\u021bia de floarea-soarelui a fost afectat\u0103 semnificativ. Suprafe\u021bele cultivate s-au redus de 1,5 ori p\u00e2n\u0103 la 4,6 milioane ha, randamentul a sc\u0103zut de la 2,5 la 2,16 t\/ha, iar volumul recoltei totale s-a redus de la 17,5 la 10 milioane tone. Sc\u0103derea pre\u021burilor pe pie\u021bele mondiale \u0219i fluctua\u021biile cursului de schimb au redus EBITDA pentru floarea-soarelui la 175 $\/ha. <\/p>\n\n

Anul 2023 s-a remarcat printr-o cre\u0219tere u\u0219oar\u0103 a suprafe\u021belor cultivate (p\u00e2n\u0103 la 5,2 milioane ha) \u0219i o recolt\u0103 mai mare dec\u00e2t anul precedent (2,25 t\/ha). Cu toate acestea, produc\u021bia total\u0103 colectat\u0103 s-a confruntat cu o sc\u0103dere a pre\u021burilor la floarea-soarelui cu 11%, ceea ce a dus la reducerea EBITDA la 165 $\/ha. La sf\u00e2r\u0219itul anului 2024 – \u00eenceputul anului 2025, pe fondul reducerii suprafe\u021belor la 4,9 milioane ha \u0219i a randamentului la nivelul de 2,06 t\/ha, pre\u021burile la floarea-soarelui au crescut semnificativ, contribuind la cre\u0219terea rentabilit\u0103\u021bii p\u00e2n\u0103 la 550 $\/ha \u0219i a EBITDA p\u00e2n\u0103 la aproape 980 $\/ha. Conform estim\u0103rilor, \u00een 2025 au fost sem\u0103nate aproximativ 5,1 milioane ha cu floarea-soarelui, de pe care se planific\u0103 s\u0103 se recolteze 11,5 milioane tone de semin\u021be.<\/p>\n\n

Analiza produselor procesate din floarea-soarelui poate fi comandat\u0103 la <\/a>acest link<\/a><\/p>\n\n

Soia<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

\u00cen 2021, de pe 1,28 milioane ha s-au recoltat peste 3,4 milioane tone de soia, \u00eens\u0103 din cauza sc\u0103derii pre\u021burilor mondiale, profitabilitatea soiei a fost de 274 $\/t (776 $\/ha). \u00cen 2022, pe fondul indicatorilor financiari ridica\u021bi \u0219i a cererii din partea UE, precum \u0219i a costurilor mai mici de cultivare comparativ cu alte culturi oleaginoase tradi\u021bionale, suprafe\u021bele cultivate cu soia au fost m\u0103rite la 1,5 milioane ha, de pe care s-au recoltat 3,7 milioane tone, cu 8% mai mult dec\u00e2t \u00een perioada precedent\u0103. Conform estim\u0103rilor, nivelul de profitabilitate al soiei \u00een 2022 a fost de 225 dolari\/ha. \u00cen 2023, indicatorul EBITDA pentru soia a crescut la 378 $\/ha. Astfel, \u00een 2024, fermierii au sem\u0103nat peste 2,6 milioane ha cu soia (+46% fa\u021b\u0103 de anul precedent) \u0219i se a\u0219teptau la recolte mari. \u00cen schimb, din cauza secetei \u0219i a bolilor, randamentul a variat semnificativ \u00eentre regiuni, fluctua\u021biile fiind de la 3 t\/ha p\u00e2n\u0103 la pierderea aproape total\u0103 a recoltei. Randamentul mediu pe \u021bar\u0103 a fost de 2,3 t\/ha (2,6 t\/ha \u00een 2023). Nivelul pre\u021burilor la soia \u00een 2024, spre deosebire de pre\u021burile altor culturi, a avut o dinamic\u0103 negativ\u0103 (\u00een special \u00een a doua jum\u0103tate), ceea ce a f\u0103cut soia neprofitabil\u0103 pentru unii produc\u0103tori.<\/p>\n\n

Mai multe detalii despre volumele de v\u00e2nz\u0103ri pentru soia \u0219i rapi\u021b\u0103 pot fi g\u0103site \u00een cercetarea noastr\u0103 (link<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n

Rapi\u021b\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

\u00cen 2021 s-au recoltat 3 milioane tone de rapi\u021b\u0103, cu un randament mediu de 2,9 t\/ha. Datorit\u0103 v\u00e2nz\u0103rii rapide \u0219i reducerii costurilor de depozitare, EBITDA \u00een anul de marketing 2021-2022 a fost de 676 $\/ha <\/p>\n\n

\u00cen 2022, suprafe\u021bele cultivate cu rapi\u021b\u0103 au crescut cu 11% p\u00e2n\u0103 la 1,2 milioane ha, \u00eens\u0103 randamentul mai sc\u0103zut (2,8 t\/ha) a dus la o pierdere de doar 6% mai mult\u0103 produc\u021bie dec\u00e2t \u00een anul precedent (3,2 milioane tone). EBITDA \u00een anul de marketing 2022-2023 a fost estimat la 228 $\/ha. \u00cen 2023, suprafe\u021bele cultivate au crescut la 1,4 milioane ha. Cu un randament la nivelul anului 2022, volumele de produc\u021bie au fost de aproximativ 4,5 milioane tone. Indicatorul EBITDA pentru rapi\u021b\u0103 a fost estimat la 228 $\/ha, dep\u0103\u0219ind prognoza cu 32%. Unul dintre factori a fost cre\u0219terea pre\u021burilor cu 52% <\/p>\n\n

Rapi\u021ba este o cultur\u0103 premerg\u0103toare bun\u0103, deoarece p\u0103streaz\u0103 umiditatea \u00een sol \u0219i asigur\u0103 randamentul culturilor urm\u0103toare \u00een rota\u021bie. \u00cen perioada curent\u0103, din cauza deficitului de produc\u021bie, \u00een aprilie 2025 s-a observat o cre\u0219tere a pre\u021burilor at\u00e2t pe pia\u021ba intern\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i pe pie\u021bele externe. <\/p>\n\n

Principala direc\u021bie de procesare a soiei este produc\u021bia de biodiesel. Compania Pro-Consulting a analizat pia\u021ba biodieselului \u00een Ucraina \u0219i Europa (link<\/a>) <\/p>\n\n

Mu\u0219tar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

La fel ca rapi\u021ba, mu\u0219tarul asigur\u0103 indicatori ridica\u021bi de profit. Mu\u0219tarul este un precursor bun care structureaz\u0103 solul, \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021be\u0219te biota \u0219i contribuie la recolte mari pentru culturile urm\u0103toare \u00een rota\u021bie, fiind adesea cultivat ca \u00eengr\u0103\u0219\u0103m\u00e2nt verde. Cu toate acestea, recoltarea semin\u021belor, chiar \u0219i cu randamente sc\u0103zute, este rentabil\u0103, pre\u021burile culturii pe pie\u021bele mondiale asigur\u00e2nd un profit \u00eentre 300-500 $\/ha. <\/p>\n\n

Secar\u0103<\/strong> Cea mai mare parte a sec\u0103rii cultivate \u00een Ucraina este exportat\u0103 \u00een \u021b\u0103rile din Europa de Nord \u0219i America de Nord, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t pre\u021bul sec\u0103rii este \u00een continu\u0103 schimbare \u0219i prezint\u0103 o dinamic\u0103 activ\u0103 – cre\u0219tere \u00een 2022 cu 6,1% din cauza cererii pe pie\u021bele de export \u0219i a cre\u0219terii costurilor de cultivare \u0219i transport, sc\u0103dere \u00een 2023 cu 14,2% din cauza limit\u0103rii posibilit\u0103\u021bilor de export. \u00cen func\u021bie de modific\u0103rile pre\u021bului, fluctueaz\u0103 profitabilitatea culturii. Conform estim\u0103rilor, profitul pe hectar variaz\u0103 \u00eentre $300 \u0219i $600, \u00een func\u021bie de regiune <\/p>\n\n

\u00cen sezonul 2025\/2026, se prognozeaz\u0103 un deficit de secar\u0103 \u00een Ucraina. Din cauza randamentului mai sc\u0103zut \u00een compara\u021bie cu gr\u00e2ul \u0219i a poten\u021bialului redus de export, produc\u0103torii agricoli au redus suprafe\u021bele cultivate cu secar\u0103. Pe fondul situa\u021biei actuale a pie\u021bei, pre\u021burile la secar\u0103 s-au dublat fa\u021b\u0103 de indicatorul din 2024, de la 6-7 mii grivne per ton\u0103 la 12-14 mii grivne. <\/p>\n\n

Mei <\/strong>Conform estim\u0103rilor, profitul net condi\u021bional al meiului, \u00een func\u021bie de regiune, randament \u0219i costuri de cultivare, a variat \u00een 2024 \u00eentre 70 \u0219i 200 $\/ha. Acest nivel a fost asigurat de pre\u021bul pe pia\u021ba intern\u0103 de 7000 grivne\/ton\u0103, care este cu 15,4% mai mic dec\u00e2t indicatorul anului precedent, \u0219i de randamentul mediu de 1,8 t\/ha. <\/p>\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

Hri\u0219c\u0103<\/strong> De\u0219i aceast\u0103 cultur\u0103 este cea mai ieftin\u0103 \u00een produc\u021bie, are o productivitate sc\u0103zut\u0103, ceea ce face adesea cultivarea sa pu\u021bin atractiv\u0103 pentru exploata\u021biile agricole mari. \u00cen 2021, \u00een Ucraina au fost alocate subven\u021bii pentru cultivarea hri\u0219cii, ceea ce asigura o rentabilitate de aproximativ 50 $\/ha. Totu\u0219i, \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu 2022, acordarea subven\u021biilor a fost suspendat\u0103, iar pentru anul curent astfel de cheltuieli nu sunt prev\u0103zute \u00een Bugetul de Stat. \u00cen 2023\/2024 MY, EBITDA pentru hri\u0219c\u0103 a fost estimat la nivelul de 30 $\/ha. Trebuie men\u021bionat c\u0103, din cauza c\u0103ldurii anormale \u00een perioada de \u00eenflorire a hri\u0219cii \u00een 2025, se prognozeaz\u0103 o sc\u0103dere a productivit\u0103\u021bii culturii, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t deficitul de recolt\u0103 poate duce la cre\u0219terea pre\u021burilor de consum \u0219i la men\u021binerea rentabilit\u0103\u021bii la nivelul pragului de rentabilitate <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Complexul agricol ucrainean este unul dintre sectoarele principale care asigur\u0103 venituri stabile la bugetul \u021b\u0103rii, inclusiv prin exportul de produse \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate. O serie de culturi cerealiere \u0219i oleaginoase demonstreaz\u0103 un nivel ridicat de profitabilitate. Cu toate acestea, de la an la an, \u00een func\u021bie de pre\u021burile mondiale ale produselor agricole, randament, cerere \u0219i al\u021bi […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":4379,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[76],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4376","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-productia-vegetala"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCulturi agricole profitabile - WEAGRO<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/weagro.ua\/ro\/blog\/culturi-agricole-profitabile\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Culturi agricole profitabile - WEAGRO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Complexul agricol ucrainean este unul dintre sectoarele principale care asigur\u0103 venituri stabile la bugetul \u021b\u0103rii, inclusiv prin exportul de produse \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate. O serie de culturi cerealiere \u0219i oleaginoase demonstreaz\u0103 un nivel ridicat de profitabilitate. 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