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Deveni\u021bi partener<\/h4>\nCredit agricol pentru agrobusiness<\/h2> <\/div>\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\nCump\u0103rarea tehnicii agricole din fonduri proprii<\/h2>\n\n Plata integral\u0103 permite \u00eenregistrarea imediat\u0103 a activului \u00een proprietate conform condi\u021biilor tranzac\u021biei \u0219i evitarea pl\u0103\u021bilor viitoare pentru finan\u021barea atras\u0103. Exploata\u021bia nu depinde nici de un grafic multianual de pl\u0103\u021bi pentru o anumit\u0103 ma\u0219in\u0103. <\/p>\n\n
Principala problem\u0103 financiar\u0103 const\u0103 \u00een volumul de fonduri care sunt retrase simultan din circuitul economic. S\u0103 analiz\u0103m un exemplu conven\u021bional. S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 un tractor cost\u0103 5 milioane lei, iar \u00eentreprinderea dispune de 8 milioane lei fonduri disponibile \u00eenainte de \u00eenceputul sezonului activ. Dup\u0103 plata integral\u0103 a ma\u0219inii vor r\u0103m\u00e2ne 3 milioane lei. <\/p>\n\n
Dac\u0103 \u00een lunile urm\u0103toare exploata\u021bia trebuie s\u0103 aloce 4,5 milioane lei pentru combustibil, \u00eengr\u0103\u0219\u0103minte, produse de protec\u021bie a plantelor, piese de schimb, salarii \u0219i alte necesit\u0103\u021bi de produc\u021bie, apare un decalaj de 1,5 milioane lei. \u00cen aceast\u0103 situa\u021bie, economia la costul finan\u021b\u0103rii atrase poate fi \u00eenso\u021bit\u0103 de un deficit de capital de lucru. <\/p>\n\n
Toate cifrele din acest exemplu sunt conven\u021bionale. Scopul s\u0103u const\u0103 \u00een demonstrarea impactului achizi\u021biei asupra lichidit\u0103\u021bii \u00eentreprinderii. <\/p>\n\n
Cump\u0103rarea integral\u0103 a tehnicii agricole are mai des o justificare economic\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd \u00eentreprinderea dispune de o rezerv\u0103 suficient\u0103 de lichiditate dup\u0103 plata ma\u0219inii. Trebuie l\u0103sat\u0103 o rezerv\u0103 pentru ciclul de produc\u021bie \u0219i cheltuielile neprev\u0103zute. Acest lucru este deosebit de relevant \u00eenaintea sem\u0103natului \u0219i recolt\u0103rii, c\u00e2nd mai multe capitole mari de buget sunt finan\u021bate practic simultan. <\/p>\n\nLeasingul de tehnic\u0103 agricol\u0103: cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 \u0219i ce trebuie verificat<\/h2>\n\n Leasingul de tehnic\u0103 agricol\u0103 permite utilizarea ma\u0219inii \u0219i efectuarea pl\u0103\u021bilor conform graficului convenit prin contract. Condi\u021biile de dob\u00e2ndire a dreptului de proprietate, termenul de utilizare \u0219i procedura de r\u0103scump\u0103rare sunt definite de contractul concret. <\/p>\n\n
\u00cenainte de semnare trebuie verificat\u0103 plata ini\u021bial\u0103. Un avans redus diminueaz\u0103 presiunea ini\u021bial\u0103 asupra bugetului, \u00eens\u0103 nu arat\u0103 \u00een sine costul total al tranzac\u021biei. Pentru o compara\u021bie corect\u0103 trebuie sumate toate pl\u0103\u021bile prev\u0103zute pe \u00eentreaga durat\u0103. <\/p>\n\n
De asemenea, se analizeaz\u0103 comisioanele, asigurarea, pl\u0103\u021bile suplimentare, procedura de rambursare anticipat\u0103 \u0219i condi\u021biile de r\u0103scump\u0103rare. Dac\u0103 exploata\u021bia inten\u021bioneaz\u0103 s\u0103 utilizeze ma\u0219ina pe o perioad\u0103 \u00eendelungat\u0103, trebuie \u00een\u021beles din timp mecanismul de transfer al dreptului de proprietate dup\u0103 \u00eendeplinirea contractului. <\/p>\n\n
Graficul are o importan\u021b\u0103 aparte. Tehnica agricol\u0103 \u00een leasing este utilizat\u0103 \u00eentr-o afacere cu sezonalitate pronun\u021bat\u0103 a \u00eencas\u0103rilor, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t aceea\u0219i sum\u0103 a pl\u0103\u021bii poate influen\u021ba diferit lichiditatea \u00een luni diferite. O plat\u0103 dup\u0103 realizarea p\u0103r\u021bii principale a recoltei \u0219i o plat\u0103 similar\u0103 \u00een perioada de achizi\u021bie a resurselor creeaz\u0103 o presiune diferit\u0103 asupra cash flow-ului. <\/p>\n\n
La compararea mai multor oferte este oportun s\u0103 le aducem la acela\u0219i orizont de calcul. Trebuie luate \u00een considerare avansul, toate pl\u0103\u021bile regulate, asigurarea, comisioanele prev\u0103zute, suma de r\u0103scump\u0103rare \u0219i alte cheltuieli direct legate de contract. <\/p>\n\n
Finan\u021barea tehnicii agricole \u0219i impactul s\u0103u asupra bugetului<\/h2>\n\n Finan\u021barea atras\u0103 a tehnicii agricole permite distribuirea \u00een timp a pl\u0103\u021bii ma\u0219inii \u0219i p\u0103strarea unei p\u0103r\u021bi din capitalul propriu pentru necesit\u0103\u021bile de produc\u021bie. Acest scenariu este deosebit de relevant atunci c\u00e2nd \u00eentreprinderea trebuie s\u0103 finan\u021beze simultan tehnica \u0219i achizi\u021bia sezonier\u0103 de resurse. <\/p>\n\n
S\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 acela\u0219i tractor conven\u021bional cost\u0103 5 milioane lei. La plata integral\u0103, exploata\u021bia aloc\u0103 imediat \u00eentreaga sum\u0103 v\u00e2nz\u0103torului. Dac\u0103 condi\u021biile de finan\u021bare prev\u0103d o contribu\u021bie ini\u021bial\u0103, de exemplu 30%, la start sunt necesare 1,5 milioane lei, iar restul costului este distribuit conform contractului. Suma total\u0103 concret\u0103 a cheltuielilor va depinde de rat\u0103, termen, comisioane, asigurare \u0219i alte condi\u021bii. <\/p>\n\n
\u00cenainte de semnarea contractului trebuie verifica\u021bi to\u021bi ace\u0219ti parametri. O aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103 se acord\u0103 modului de calcul al pl\u0103\u021bilor, garan\u021biilor, posibilit\u0103\u021bii de rambursare anticipat\u0103 \u0219i cheltuielilor care apar suplimentar fa\u021b\u0103 de suma principal\u0103. <\/p>\n\n
Pentru \u00eentreprinderea agricol\u0103, graficul de pl\u0103\u021bi trebuie suprapus pe calendarul veniturilor \u0219i cheltuielilor. De exemplu, \u00een martie-aprilie pot fi necesare fonduri semnificative pentru sem\u0103nat, vara cresc cheltuielile pentru campania de recoltare, iar veniturile principale pentru anumite culturi sosesc dup\u0103 realizarea recoltei. Dac\u0103 pl\u0103\u021bile mari pentru tehnic\u0103 cad \u00een lunile de finan\u021bare maxim\u0103 a lucr\u0103rilor de c\u00e2mp, riscul de deficit de numerar cre\u0219te. <\/p>\n\n
De aceea, finan\u021barea agrobusiness-ului trebuie evaluat\u0103 prin prognoza efectiv\u0103 a cash flow-ului. Suma finan\u021b\u0103rii disponibile are mai pu\u021bin\u0103 importan\u021b\u0103 practic\u0103 dec\u00e2t capacitatea \u00eentreprinderii de a respecta graficul \u00een scenariul de baz\u0103 \u0219i \u00een cel nefavorabil al sezonului. <\/p>\n\nCump\u0103rare, leasing sau finan\u021bare: cum s\u0103 compar\u0103m cele trei variante<\/h2>\n\n Pentru alegere trebuie s\u0103 trecem toate scenariile prin acelea\u0219i criterii. O astfel de abordare permite s\u0103 vedem presiunea real\u0103 asupra \u00eentreprinderii pe \u00eentreaga durat\u0103 de utilizare a instrumentului financiar. <\/p>\n\nCriteriu<\/td> Fonduri proprii<\/td> Leasing<\/td> Finan\u021bare<\/td><\/tr> Cheltuieli ini\u021biale<\/td> Ridicate<\/td> Dependente de avans<\/td> Dependente de condi\u021biile programului<\/td><\/tr> Pl\u0103\u021bi ulterioare<\/td> Absente pentru achizi\u021bia \u00een sine<\/td> Conform graficului contractului<\/td> Conform graficului contractului<\/td><\/tr> Impact asupra capitalului de lucru la start<\/td> Semnificativ<\/td> Distribuit \u00een timp<\/td> Distribuit \u00een timp<\/td><\/tr> Drept de proprietate<\/td> Dup\u0103 formalizarea achizi\u021biei<\/td> Conform condi\u021biilor contractului<\/td> Depinde de schem\u0103<\/td><\/tr> Comisioane \u0219i cheltuieli financiare<\/td> De obicei absente la plata din fonduri proprii<\/td> Pot fi prev\u0103zute prin contract<\/td> Pot fi prev\u0103zute prin contract<\/td><\/tr> Asigurare<\/td> Depinde de condi\u021biile de exploatare \u0219i cerin\u021be<\/td> Se verific\u0103 conform contractului<\/td> Se verific\u0103 conform contractului<\/td><\/tr> Grafic de pl\u0103\u021bi<\/td> Absent<\/td> Definit prin contract<\/td> Definit prin contract<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\nPlata ini\u021bial\u0103 minim\u0103 nu ofer\u0103 r\u0103spuns la \u00eentrebarea care variant\u0103 este mai ieftin\u0103. O ofert\u0103 cu o plat\u0103 mai mic\u0103 la start poate prevedea o sum\u0103 total\u0103 mai mare a pl\u0103\u021bilor. Un alt program poate solicita o contribu\u021bie mai mare, dar poate avea un cost total mai mic. <\/p>\n\n
La fel trebuie evaluat impactul asupra lichidit\u0103\u021bii. Dac\u0103 achizi\u021bionarea tehnicii agricole din fonduri proprii este mai ieftin\u0103 ca sum\u0103 total\u0103 a cheltuielilor, dar dup\u0103 tranzac\u021bie \u00eentreprinderea va fi nevoit\u0103 s\u0103 atrag\u0103 separat capital pentru achizi\u021bia de \u00eengr\u0103\u0219\u0103minte sau combustibil, \u00een modelul financiar trebuie luat\u0103 \u00een considerare \u0219i aceast\u0103 consecin\u021b\u0103. <\/p>\n\n
Compara\u021bia trebuie s\u0103 cuprind\u0103 \u00eentreaga durat\u0103 a pl\u0103\u021bilor \u0219i mai multe sezoane. Tocmai atunci devine vizibil costul total al fiec\u0103rui scenariu \u0219i corela\u021bia sa cu \u00eencas\u0103rile prognozate ale exploata\u021biei. <\/p>\n\n
Cum se calculeaz\u0103 modalitatea avantajoas\u0103 de achizi\u021bie a tehnicii?<\/h2>\n\n Pentru calculul practic trebuie \u00eentocmit un model financiar separat pentru fiecare variant\u0103. Parametrii de intrare trebuie s\u0103 fie identici: aceea\u0219i ma\u0219in\u0103, acela\u0219i pre\u021b, aceea\u0219i productivitate prognozat\u0103 \u0219i aceea\u0219i perioad\u0103 de utilizare. <\/p>\n\n
Algoritmul poate ar\u0103ta astfel:<\/p>\n\n
\nDetermina\u021bi costul total al ma\u0219inii necesare \u0219i cheltuielile conexe pentru punerea \u00een func\u021biune.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Calcula\u021bi volumul disponibil de fonduri proprii.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Determina\u021bi rezerva minim\u0103 de capital de lucru care trebuie l\u0103sat\u0103 pentru sezon.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Ob\u021bine\u021bi condi\u021biile concrete de leasing \u0219i finan\u021bare disponibil\u0103.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Calcula\u021bi avansul, toate pl\u0103\u021bile, comisioanele, asigurarea \u0219i alte cheltuieli.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Construi\u021bi graficul de pl\u0103\u021bi pe \u00eentreaga durat\u0103 a contractului.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Raporta\u021bi-l la \u00eencas\u0103rile prognozate \u0219i cheltuielile sezoniere.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Calcula\u021bi efectul economic din utilizarea noii ma\u0219ini.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Determina\u021bi recuperarea investi\u021biei pentru tehnica agricol\u0103.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Repeta\u021bi calculul pentru scenariul cu sc\u0103derea randamentului, veniturilor sau gradului de utilizare a ma\u0219inii.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\nS\u0103 revenim la tractorul conven\u021bional \u00een valoare de 5 milioane lei. \u00cen primul scenariu, exploata\u021bia pl\u0103te\u0219te \u00eentreaga sum\u0103 \u0219i reduce imediat rezerva sa de numerar cu 5 milioane lei. \u00cen al doilea scenariu conven\u021bional, plata ini\u021bial\u0103 este de 1,5 milioane lei, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t la start r\u0103m\u00e2n \u00een circula\u021bie suplimentar 3,5 milioane lei. Ulterior apar pl\u0103\u021bi conform graficului \u0219i cheltuielile prev\u0103zute prin contract. <\/p>\n\n
Pentru a determina rezultatul financiar, trebuie ad\u0103ugat efectul economic al ma\u0219inii \u00een sine. De exemplu, tractorul poate \u00eenlocui serviciile unui antreprenor, reduce num\u0103rul de ore-motor, cre\u0219te suprafa\u021ba pe care exploata\u021bia reu\u0219e\u0219te s\u0103 o prelucreze \u00een termene optime sau diminua cheltuielile pe hectar. Ace\u0219ti indicatori sunt transforma\u021bi \u00een lei pe sezon. <\/p>\n\n
Dac\u0103 efectul economic anual conven\u021bional este de 1 milion lei, un reper simplu al recuper\u0103rii investi\u021biei pentru o ma\u0219in\u0103 \u00een valoare de 5 milioane lei va fi egal cu aproximativ cinci ani. Modelul real trebuie s\u0103 \u021bin\u0103 cont de service, repara\u021bii, asigurare, amortizare, costul capitalului \u0219i valoarea rezidual\u0103 a ma\u0219inii. <\/p>\n\nEcosistemul de solu\u021bii financiare integrate pentru agrobusiness WEAGRO<\/a> combin\u0103 serviciile online de plat\u0103 \u00een rate agricole, plata facturilor \u0219i am\u00e2narea pl\u0103\u021bilor; WEAGROMARKET<\/a> func\u021bioneaz\u0103 ca marketplace pentru agrobusiness, unde produsele pot fi achizi\u021bionate \u00een rate; WEAGROBANK<\/a> extinde accesul agricultorilor la produse financiare. Pentru exploata\u021bie, astfel de instrumente pot fi luate \u00een considerare la planificarea surselor de finan\u021bare \u00eempreun\u0103 cu alte variante disponibile. <\/p>\n\n
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Cump\u0103ra\u021bi acum, pl\u0103ti\u021bi mai t\u00e2rziu<\/h4>\nPlata \u00een rate agricole pentru produc\u0103torul agricol<\/h2> <\/div>\n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\nCe gre\u0219eli trebuie evitate la alegerea modalit\u0103\u021bii de finan\u021bare a tehnicii?<\/h2>\n\n Una dintre gre\u0219elile frecvente const\u0103 \u00een compararea ofertelor doar dup\u0103 m\u0103rimea pl\u0103\u021bii regulate. O sum\u0103 mai mic\u0103 poate fi rezultatul unui termen mai lung de pl\u0103\u021bi, al unui alt avans sau al unei structuri de finan\u021bare diferite. Pentru luarea deciziei este necesar s\u0103 se cunoasc\u0103 suma total\u0103 a tuturor pl\u0103\u021bilor. <\/p>\n\n
\u00cen calcul se include \u0219i costul total de de\u021binere a tehnicii. Dup\u0103 achizi\u021bie, tractorul sau combina va necesita combustibil, uleiuri, filtre, anvelope, \u00eentre\u021binere tehnic\u0103 planificat\u0103, repara\u021bii \u0219i materiale consumabile. \u00cen anumite scheme se adaug\u0103 asigurarea \u0219i alte pl\u0103\u021bi prev\u0103zute prin contract. <\/p>\n\n
Un alt risc apare din cauza a\u0219tept\u0103rilor exagerate privind gradul de utilizare. Dac\u0103 ma\u0219ina este cump\u0103rat\u0103 cu calculul pentru 1.200 de ore-motor pe an, dar \u00een realitate func\u021bioneaz\u0103 600, costurile fixe se distribuie pe un volum mai mic de munc\u0103 efectuat\u0103. Costul pe or\u0103-motor sau pe hectar prelucrat cre\u0219te, iar termenul de recuperare a investi\u021biei se prelunge\u0219te. <\/p>\n\n
Este de dorit ca modelul financiar s\u0103 fie verificat \u00een scenariul nefavorabil. Un randament mai sc\u0103zut, \u00eent\u00e2rzierea realiz\u0103rii produc\u021biei sau sc\u0103derea pre\u021bului pot reduce \u00eencas\u0103rile sezoniere. Exploata\u021bia trebuie s\u0103 evalueze dac\u0103 va r\u0103m\u00e2ne suficient\u0103 lichiditate pentru \u00eendeplinirea pl\u0103\u021bilor \u0219i finan\u021barea lucr\u0103rilor de c\u00e2mp. <\/p>\n\n
Pentru \u00eentreprinderea cu o rezerv\u0103 suficient\u0103 de capital propriu, plata integral\u0103 poate asigura un rezultat financiar acceptabil \u0219i absen\u021ba obliga\u021biilor ulterioare pentru achizi\u021bie. Dac\u0103 retragerea unic\u0103 a unei sume semnificative creeaz\u0103 riscul de deficit de fonduri \u00eenaintea sem\u0103natului, recolt\u0103rii sau achizi\u021biei de resurse, \u00een calcul este oportun s\u0103 se includ\u0103 leasingul \u0219i programele de finan\u021bare disponibile. <\/p>\n\n
Decizia merit\u0103 luat\u0103 dup\u0103 compararea costului total, a graficului de pl\u0103\u021bi, a cash flow-ului sezonier, a cheltuielilor de de\u021binere \u0219i a gradului de utilizare prognozat al ma\u0219inii. Alte materiale despre planificarea investi\u021biilor, achizi\u021bia de resurse \u0219i gestionarea finan\u021belor exploata\u021biei pot fi g\u0103site \u00een blogul WEAGRO. Abona\u021bi-v\u0103 la actualiz\u0103ri \u0219i ad\u0103uga\u021bi \u00een marcaje pentru a nu pierde informa\u021bii utile! <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Un tractor, combin\u0103, sem\u0103n\u0103toare sau pulverizator pot necesita investi\u021bii semnificative, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t achizi\u021bia de tehnic\u0103 agricol\u0103 trebuie evaluat\u0103 \u021bin\u00e2nd cont de posibilit\u0103\u021bile financiare ale exploata\u021biei pentru mai multe sezoane \u00een avans. Conteaz\u0103 costul ma\u0219inii, gradul de utilizare prognozat, volumul disponibil de fonduri proprii, \u00eencas\u0103rile \u0219i cheltuielile viitoare pe care \u00eentreprinderea trebuie s\u0103 le finan\u021beze \u00een […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":7889,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7888","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agribusiness"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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